Click to view article in PDF format.

^PSUSGS Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources, Middle-Upper Eocene Claiborne Group, Gulf of Mexico Onshore and State Waters, USA*

Paul C. Hackley

Search and Discovery Article #10176 (2008)

Posted December 8, 2008

*Author’s Note: This article contains the abstract, figures, and references presented April 22, 2008, in a poster session at the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Annual Meeting in San Antonio, Texas. This same material currently is in manuscript format in internal peer review at the U.S. Geological Survey. Readers of the current presentation are encouraged to contact the author via email with their questions and comments.

¹ U.S. Geological Survey, MS 956 National Center, Reston, VA 20192 ([email protected])

Abstract

The Middle-Upper Eocene Claiborne Group was assessed for undiscovered, technically recoverable conventional hydrocarbon resources as part of the 2007 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessment of Tertiary strata of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico onshore and State waters. Total estimated mean undiscovered conventional resources are 52 million barrels of oil, 19.1 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and 1.2 billion barrels of natural gas liquids. Source rocks for oil accumulations probably are downdip organic-rich facies of the Paleocene-Eocene Wilcox Group and Sparta Sand (Eocene, Lower Claiborne Group); gas accumulations may be sourced from the Jurassic Smackover Formation, Cretaceous Eagle Ford Formation, or the Wilcox-Sparta interval. Primary Claiborne reservoir formations are the Queen City Sand, Cook Mountain Formation, Sparta Sand, Yegua Formation, and the Cockfield Formation.

A geologic model, supported by spatial analysis of petroleum geology data including discovered reservoir depth, thickness, temperature, porosity-permeability, and pressure, was used to divide the Claiborne into seven assessment units (AUs). The AUs include: (1) Lower Claiborne Stable Shelf Gas and Oil, (2) Lower Claiborne Expanded Fault Zone Gas, (3) Lower Claiborne Slope and Basin Floor Gas, (4) Lower Claiborne Cane River, (5) Upper Claiborne Stable Shelf Gas and Oil, (6) Upper Claiborne Expanded Fault Zone Gas, and (7) Upper Claiborne Slope and Basin Floor Gas.

The great bulk of undiscovered resources in the Claiborne are non-associated gas and condensate contained in deep (mostly >12,000 ft) reservoirs. These are commonly overpressured, structurally complex, relatively unexplored, outer shelf or slope and basin floor reservoirs. Continuing development of these downdip objectives is expected to be the primary focus of exploration and production activity for the onshore Middle-Upper Eocene strata in the Gulf Coast in the coming decades.

Figure and Table Captions

1-10

	Figure 1. Map of Gulf Coast states, showing petroleum province boundaries, outline of Upper Jurassic-Cretaceous-Tertiary Composite total petroleum system (in part), Claiborne Group outcrop (from Schruben et al., 1994), and the Upper Wilcox shelf margin (from Galloway et al., 2000).
	Figure 2. Upper Jurassic-Cretaceous-Tertiary Composite total petroleum system (TPS) for the Gulf of Mexico basin. The letters (A-O) refer to the following notes on how the TPS boundary was drawn. A, coincides with the Upper-Lower Cretaceous outcrop boundary (Schruben et al., 1994); this line may be somewhat arbitrary as the area may include some Interior Platform Paleozoic-derived oil that has migrated into Cretaceous reservoirs and is not part of the Gulf of Mexico TPS; B, includes both Maverick and Sabinas basins, which have Gulf of Mexico basin source and reservoir rock (Eguiluz de Antuñano, 2001; Scott, 2003); C, excludes Sierra Madre Oriental, which has stratigraphic equivalents to Gulf of Mexico basin source and reservoir rocks, but probably has experienced too much structural deformation and erosion to retain any significant hydrocarbon volumes (Ewing, 1991); D, includes the Magiscatzin basin, which has production from units of the main Tampico-Misantla basin, and contains similar strata and structural styles as found in the Gulf of Mexico basin (Nehring, 1991; USGS World Energy Assessment Team, 2000); E, excludes Tuxla Uplift, an Upper Cenozoic volcanic area (Ewing, 1991); F, includes the Pimienta-Tamabra TPS (USGS World Energy Assessment Team, 2000); G, includes north Yucatan, because hydrocarbons are present in Chicxulub Crater cores (Rosenfeld, 2003); H, excludes the Maya Mountains, a metamorphic orogenic complex (Ewing, 1991; Ewing and Lopez, 1991); I, includes the south Yucatan because of the occurrence of isolated oil and gas production and shows (Rosenfeld, 2003); J, line drawn along major sea-floor crustal structural boundary between oceanic crust in the Yucatan basin and back-arc Cuban basins and oceanic crust in the Greater Antilles Deformed Belt (Ewing, 1991; Rodriguez et al., 1995; James, 2004; Schenk et al., 2005); K, includes north Cuba, where there are the same source rocks as in South Florida and the deep-water Gulf of Mexico (Schenk et al., 2000, 2005; French and Schenk, 2004); L, follows an arbitrary limit to the TPS in the Gulf of Mexico basin; M, follows an arbitrary line drawn to separate the Bahamas from the Florida Platform (Ewing, 1991); N, follows the Smackover-Austin-Eagle Ford TPS boundary of Condon and Dyman (2006); O, Mississippi Embayment - includes Tertiary and Cretaceous coal beds as potential sources of biogenic gas, although there is no known hydrocarbon production from this area.
	Figure 3. Map of study area (onshore U.S. Gulf Coast) showing Claiborne Group outcrop, Wilcox and Claiborne expansion faults, and outline of major structural features. Claiborne Group outcrop from Schruben et al. (1994); major structural features and faults from Ewing and Lopez (1991).
	Figure 4. Claiborne isopach map constructed from the IHS Energy Group (2005) database, and from the Paleo-Data, Inc. (1989) Tenroc Regional Geologic database. Tops data were combined with paleontologic data in ArcMap 9.1 (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc), and a kriging process step was used to create a surface grid for formation tops. Isopach thicknesses were determined by subtraction of surface grids or by the subtraction of individual data points where sufficient tops data were present in the databases. There are no tops data available from the longitude of Mobile Bay eastward.
	Figure 5. Depth to the top of Claiborne (Yegua Formation) constructed from the IHS Energy Group (2005) database, and from the Paleo-Data, Inc. (1989) Tenroc Regional Geologic database. Tops data were combined with paleontologic data in ArcMap 9.1 (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc), and a kriging process step was used to create a surface grid for formation tops. The top surface grid was subtracted from the elevation at surface to create the depth-to-top grid. Claiborne Group outcrop from Schruben et al. (1994); salt from Ewing and Lopez (1991); shelf margins from Galloway et al. (2000).
	Figure 6. Stratigraphy of the Claiborne Group. Downdip, organic-rich shaley facies of Wilcox Group, Reklaw, Queen City, Sparta, Cook Mountain, Yegua, and Cockfield Formations of the Claiborne Group all have been postulated potential source rocks at depth. From Guevara and García (1972), Wescott and Hood (1994), Schenk and Viger (1996), Hosman (1996), Galloway et al. (2000), and Warwick et al. (2002).
	Figure 7. SP and resistivity log response of the Lower Claiborne section in eastern Texas illustrating eastward loss of the Queen City Sand. Dashed line illustrates division between prodelta and shelf/delta-plain facies. From Ricoy and Brown (1977); see Ricoy (1976) for original data.
	Figure 8. Dodge and Posey (1981) cross section 1 in the Houston Embayment. The approximate onset of oil generation at 0.6% Ro corresponds to the present-day down-hole temperature of 200°F (93°C) using the general relationship of vitrinite reflectance to temperature established by Barker and Pawlewicz (1986) from worldwide basins. Faults are generalized and represent zones constituted by multiple individual faults.
	Figure 9. Dodge and Posey (1981) cross section 18 in the Rio Grande Embayment. See Figure 8 caption for additional explanation.
	Figure 10. Dodge and Posey (1981) cross section 21 in the Rio Grande Embayment. See Figure 8 caption for additional explanation.

11-20

	Figure 11. Bebout and Gutierrez (1983) cross section R-R' in southeastern Louisiana. The approximate onset of oil generation at 0.6% Ro corresponds to the present-day down-hole temperature of 200°F (93°C) using the general relationship of vitrinite reflectance to temperature established by Barker and Pawlewicz (1986) from worldwide basins.
	Figure 12. Depositional systems of the Lower Claiborne Group. From Galloway et al. (2000). Claiborne outcrop from Schruben et al. (1994).
	Figure 13. Depositional systems of the Upper Claiborne Group. From Galloway et al. (2000). Claiborne outcrop from Schruben et al. (1994).
	Figure 14. Hydrocarbon systems of the U.S. Gulf Coast. From Hood et al. (2002). Claiborne Group outcrop from Schruben et al. (1994); Wilcox shelf margin from Galloway et al. (2000). This diagram shows families of oil and gas originating from common source rocks, as compared to Figure 2 which shows the boundary of the Upper Jurassic-Cretaceous-Tertiary Composite Total Petroleum System that was defined for this assessment.
	Figure 15. Present-day thermal maturity of the top of the Wilcox Group. From Warwick (2006).
	Figure 16. Conceptualized migration of oil and gas in southern Louisiana. From Sassen (1990). See Figure 11 for location of cross section.
	Figure 17. Cross section through Shanghai Field, Wharton County, Texas, on the downdip Yegua trend. From Ewing and Fergeson (1991).
	Figure 18. Events chart summarizing the major elements of the Upper Jurassic-Cretaceous-Tertiary composite total petroleum system of the Gulf Basin. Modified from Condon and Dyman (2006). The critical moment is defined as the point in time that best represents the generation, migration, and accumulation of most of the hydrocarbons in the Upper Jurassic-Cretaceous-Tertiary Composite total petroleum system. As relates to the Claiborne Group, this is in Upper Claiborne time when the sand-rich Yegua and Cockfield reservoirs were deposited. Abbreviations: E = Early, M = Middle, L = Late, TR = Triassic, Paleo. = Paleocene, Olig. = Oligocene, Po = Pliocene, P = Pleistocene, Quat. = Quaternary.
	Figure 19. Facies and sand isolith map for the Lower Claiborne Queen City Sand. From Guevara and García (1972).
	Figure 20. Sand isolith map for the Upper Claiborne Yegua Formation. From Fisher (1969).

21-32

	Figure 21. Map and cross section of the Conroe field. From Michaux and Buck (1936).
	Figure 22. Histogram of depth to top of Claiborne Group reservoirs, Texas and Louisiana. Data from NRG Associates (2006).
	Figure 23. A. Geologic model for the prograding Cenozoic stratigraphy of the Gulf of Mexico Basin. From Warwick et al., 2007. B. Time-transgressive nature of geologic model environments.
	Figure 24. Schematic block diagram illustrating location and type of depositional environments and assessment unit elements of the geologic model. From Edwards (1991).
	Figure 25. Spatial distribution of Claiborne reservoirs <8,000 ft depth-to-top and >8,000 ft depth-to-top. Note that latitude and longitude are not shown and that the locations of the reservoirs have been shifted slightly to alter their exact location due to proprietary license restrictions on the NRG Associates (2006) database. Claiborne Group outcrop from Schruben et al. (1994); Wilcox and Claiborne shelf margins from Galloway et al. (2000).
	Figure 26. Gas accumulation sizes for the Upper Claiborne Stable Shelf Gas and Oil AU (50470124) plotted as a function of discovery year. Data from NRG Associates (2006), plotted by T. Klett, USGS.
	Figure 27. Plots of pressure as a function of depth for Claiborne reservoirs with pressure data (data from NRG Associates, 2006). Gulf hydrostatic pressure line from Dickinson (1953).
	Figure 28. Map showing extent of Lower Claiborne assessment units. AU = assessment unit. Claiborne Group outcrop from Schruben et al. (1994); Wilcox shelf margin from Galloway et al. (2000).
	Figure 29. Map showing extent of Upper Claiborne assessment units. AU = assessment unit. Claiborne Group outcrop from Schruben et al. (1994); Wilcox shelf margin from Galloway et al. (2000).
	Figure 30. Total mean undiscovered technically recoverable oil in millions of barrels for the seven Claiborne Group assessment units.
	Figure 31. Total mean undiscovered technically recoverable gas in billions of cubic feet for the seven Claiborne Group assessment units.
	Figure 32. Total mean undiscovered technically recoverable natural gas liquids in millions of barrels for the seven Claiborne Group assessment units.

Table 1

Table 1. Fully risked assessment results in tabular format for the seven Claiborne Group assessment units. MMBO = million barrels of oil; BCFG = billion cubic feet of gas; MMBNGL = million barrels of natural gas liquids. From Dubiel et al. (2007).

Acknowledgments

Discussions with the USGS National Oil and Gas Assessment review committee (T.R. Klett, C.J. Schenk, R.R. Charpentier, and R.M. Pollastro) during the geologic review and assessment meetings guided the analysis of numbers and sizes of undiscovered reservoirs in the Claiborne Group. S.A. Kinney provided GIS support and processing of spatial information related to the delineation of the assessment units, and for the structure and depth of the Claiborne across the basin. J.L. Coleman drafted Figure 23A and M. Merrill assisted with drafting Figure 23B. M.S. Hopkins assisted in delineating data subsets from the IHS and Nehring databases. For their leadership and for the sharing of their ideas and geologic experience, the author is indebted to other members of the Gulf Coast basin assessment team (L.H. Biewick, J.L. Coleman, S.M. Condon, R.F. Dubiel, D.O. Hayba, A.W. Karlsen, M.A. Keller, M.D. Lewan, P.H. Nelson, O. Pearson, J.K. Pitman, J.L. Ridgley, E.L. Rowan, S.M. Swanson, and P.D. Warwick). N. Kvehnle of Big Joe Operating Company, G. Hepner of McGowan Partners, S. Maley of Badger Oil, and J. King of Josey Oil are thanked for sharing their insights regarding Claiborne and other Gulf Coast hydrocarbon production.

References

Barker, C.E., and Pawlewicz, M.J., 1986, The correlation of vitrinite reflectance with maximum temperature in humic organic matter, in Buntebarth, G., and Stegena, L. eds. , Paleogeothermics, Lecture Notes in Earth Science 5: Springer, Berlin, p. 79- 93.

Bebout, D.G., and Gutiérrez, D.R., 1983, Regional cross sections, Louisiana Gulf coast (eastern part): Louisiana Geological Survey Folio Series No. 6, 10 p.

http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-h/REPORTS/69_H_CH_2.pdf

Dickinson, G., 1953, Geological aspects of abnormal reservoir pressures in Gulf Coast Louisiana: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 37, p. 410-432.

Dodge, M.M., and Posey, J.S., 1981, Structural cross sections, Tertiary Formations, Texas Gulf Coast: Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin, Department of Energy Contract DE-AC08-78ET11397, 32 plates.

Dubiel, R.F., et al., 2007, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in Tertiary strata of the Gulf Coast, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2007- 3066, 4 p.

Edwards, M.B., 1991, Control of depositional environments, eustasy, gravity, and salt tectonics on sandstone distribution in an unstable shelf edge delta, Eocene Yegua Formation, Texas and Louisiana: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 41, p. 237-252.

Eguiluz de Antuñano, S., 2001, Geologic evolution and gas resources of the Sabinas Basin in northeastern Mexico, in Bartolini, C., Buffler, R.T., and Cantú-Chapa, A., eds. , The western Gulf of Mexico Basin: Tectonics, sedimentary basins, and petroleum systems: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 75, p. 241-270.

Ewing, T.E., 1991, Structural framework, in Salvador, A., ed., The Gulf of Mexico Basin: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. J, p. 31-52.

Ewing, T.E., 1994, The Cook Mountain problem: stratigraphic reality and semantic confusion: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 44, p. 225-232.

Ewing, T.E., and Fergeson, G., 1991, Stratigraphic framework, structural styles and seismic signatures of downdip Yegua gas-condensate fields, central Wharton County, Texas Gulf Coast: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 41, p. 255-275.

Ewing, T.E., and Lopez, R.F., compilers, 1991, Principal structural features, Gulf of Mexico Basin, in Salvador, A., ed. , The Gulf of Mexico Basin: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. J, plate 2, scale 1:2,500,000.

Fisher, W.L., 1969, Facies characterization of Gulf Coast delta systems, with some Holocene analogues: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 19, p. 239-261.

French, C.D., and Schenk, C.J., 2004, Map showing geology, oil and gas fields, and geologic provinces of the Caribbean Region: U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-470-K, 1 sheet, CD-ROM, http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97- 470K/ (Accessed August 27, 2007).

Galloway, W.E., Ganey-Curry, P.E., Li, X., and Buffler, R.T., 2000, Cenozoic depositional history of the Gulf of Mexico basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 84, no. 11, p. 1743-1774.

Guevara, E.H., and García, R., 1972, Depositional systems and oil-gas reservoirs in the Queen City Formation (Eocene), Texas: University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Geological Circular 72-4, 22 p.

Hood, K.C., Wenger, L.M., Gross, O.P., and Harrison, S.C., 2002, Hydrocarbon systems analysis of the northern Gulf of Mexico: Delineation of hydrocarbon migration pathways using seeps and seismic imaging, in Schumacher, D., and LeSchack, L.A., eds. , Surface exploration case histories: Applications of geochemistry, magnetics, and remote sensing: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology No. 48 and SEG Geophysical Reference Series No. 11, p. 25-40.

Hosman, R.L., 1996, Regional stratigraphy and subsurface geology of Cenozoic deposits, Gulf Coastal Plain, south-central United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1416-G, 35 p.

IHS Energy Group, 2005 [includes data current as of 2005], PI/Dwights Plus US Well Data: IHS Energy Group, 15 Inverness Way East, D205, Englewood, CO 80112, USA.

James, K.H., 2004, A simple synthesis of Caribbean geology: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Search and Discovery, Article no. 30026, 5 p. http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2004/james/index.htm (Accessed August 9, 2007).

Michaux, F.W., Jr., and Buck, E.O., 1936, Conroe oil field, Montgomery County, Texas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 20, no. 6, p. 736-779.

Nehring, R., 1991, Oil and gas resources, in Salvador, A., ed. , The Gulf of Mexico Basin: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. J, p. 445-493.

NRG Associates, 2006, [includes data current as of 2004], The significant oil and gas fields of the United States: NRG Associates, Inc., P.O. Box 1655, Colorado Springs, CO 80901, USA.

Paleo-Data, Inc., 1989, Tenroc Regional Geologic Database: Commercial database available from http://www.paleodata.com/ (Accessed July 9, 2006).

Ricoy, J.U., Depositional systems in the Sparta Formation (Eocene), Gulf Coast basin of Texas: University of Texas at Austin, M.S. thesis, 98 p.

Ricoy, J.U., and Brown, L.F., Jr., 1977, Depositional systems in the Sparta Formation (Eocene) Gulf Coast basin of Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 27, p. 103-118.

Rodriguez, R., Sanchez, J.R., Toucet, S., and Hernandez, G., 1995, Deep structure of the southern shelf of Cuba - new implications: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 79, no. 13, p. 82.

Rosenfeld, J.H., 2003, Economic potential of the Yucatan block of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize, in Bartolini, C., Buffler, R.T., and Blickwede, J., eds. , The Circum-Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean - Hydrocarbon habitats, basin formation, and plate tectonics: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 79, p. 340-348.

Sassen, R., 1990, Lower Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous source rocks in Louisiana and Mississippi: Implications to Gulf of Mexico crude oil: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, no. 6, p. 857-878.

Schenk, C.J., Ahlbrandt, T.S., Charpentier, R.R., Henry, M.E., Klett, T.R., Pollastro, R.M., and Weaver, J.N., 2005, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the north Cuba basin, Cuba, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3009, 2 p., CD-ROM, http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3009/ (Accessed August 15, 2007).

Schenk C.J., Higley, D.K., and Magoon, L.B., 2000, Region 6 assessment summary - Central and South America, in U.S. Geological Survey world petroleum assessment 2000 - description and results: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-60, CD-ROM, http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/WEcont/regions/reg6/R6chap.pdf (Accessed August 8, 2007).

Schenk, C.J., and Viger, R.J., 1996, Western Gulf Province (047), in Gautier, D.L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi, K.I., and Varnes, K.L., eds. , 1995 national assessment of United States oil and gas resources-Results, methodology, and supporting data: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-30, version 2, 44 p., http://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/noga95/prov47/text/prov47.pdf (Accessed August 12, 2007).

Schruben, P.G., Arndt, R.E., Bawiec, W.J., and Ambroziak, R.A., 1994, Geology of the conterminous United States at 1:2,500,000 scale; a digital representation of the 1974 P.B. King and H.M. Beikman map: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS- 0011, http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds11/ (Accessed August 24, 2007).

Scott, R.J., 2003, The Maverick basin - new technology - new success, in Rosen, N.C. ed., Structure and stratigraphy of south Texas and northeast Mexico, applications to exploration: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Gulf Coast Section Foundation, and South Texas Geological Society, Houston, TX, April 11, 2003, p. 84-121, CD-ROM.

USGS World Energy Assessment Team, 2000, Assessment Summary of the Pimienta- Tamabra Total Petroleum System 530501 as part of the 2000 World Petroleum Assessment, in U.S. Geological Survey world petroleum assessment 2000 - description and results: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-60, CDROM, http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/WEcont/regions/reg5/P5/tps/t530501.pdf (Accessed August 22, 2007).

Warwick, P.D., 2006, Thermal maturity of the Wilcox Group (Paleocene-Eocene): a key to the Cenozoic petroleum systems of the northern Gulf of Mexico basin, USA: The Society for Organic Petrology 23rd Annual Meeting, Abstracts and Program, Beijing China, v. 23, p. 271-272.

Warwick, P.D., Aubourg, C.A., Hook, R.W., SanFilipo, J.R. (compilers), Morrissey, E.C., Schultz, A.C., Karlsen, A.W., Watt, C.S., Podwysocki, S.M., Mercier, T.J., Wallace, W.C., Tully, J.K., Sun, Zhuang, and Newton, Mathew (digital compilers), 2002, Geology and land use in the western part of the Gulf Coast Coal-bearing Region: Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin Miscellaneous Maps 41, 2 sheets 1:500,000 scale, CD-ROM.

Warwick, P.D., Coleman, J.L., Hackley, P.C., Hayba, D.O., Karlsen, A.W., Rowan, E.L., and Swanson, S.M., 2007, USGS Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources in Cenozoic strata of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain and State Waters: Proceedings of the 27th Annual GCSSEPM Bob F. Perkins Research Conference, The Paleogene of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Basins: Processes, Events, and Petroleum Systems, December 2-5, 2007, Houston, Texas, p. 2-44, CDROM.

Wescott, W.A., and Hood, W.C., 1994, Hydrocarbon generation and migration routes in the East Texas basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 78, no. 2, p. 287-307.

Return to top.

Search and Discovery
Featured Articles

AAPG Store
Featured Digital Pubs

GIS Map Publishing Program

Online Journal for E&P Geoscientists

Click to view article in PDF format.

Search and Discovery
Featured Articles

Archives

AAPG Store
Featured Digital Pubs

GIS Map Publishing Program

Online Journal for E&P Geoscientists

Click to view article in PDF format.

Search and DiscoveryFeatured Articles

Archives

AAPG StoreFeatured Digital Pubs

GIS Map Publishing Program

Search and Discovery
Featured Articles

AAPG Store
Featured Digital Pubs