Figure 35. Indian Ocean climate and monsoons: A. Oxygen-isotope ratios of a stalagmite, Socotra Island, along with plots, representing approximately 40,000 to 55,000 years before the present, from China and Greenland. B. Onset of interstadial 12 (~25 years), shown by d¹⁸O data from Socotra Island. (From Burns et al., 2003, with permission of Science.)