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Figure 33. How solar cycles affect climate. A. Relative temperature and accumulation of snowfall plotted against age (thousands of years before the present) (after Cuffey and Clow, 1997; Alley et al., 1997, with permission of Geological Society of America). B. Top: Variations in solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere relative to present day in W/m² as a function of time of year and for thousands of years in the past. Bottom: Changes in SST near the equator in the Eastern Pacific at 99°W, 0.4°S for times in the past as given, based on changes simulated in the CCSM relative to 1800 A.D. (From Trenberth and Otto-Bliesner, 2003, with permission of Science.)