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GCPredicting Reservoir Properties from 3-D Seismic Attributes with Little Well Control – Jurassic Smackover Formation*
By
Bruce S. Hart1
Search and Discovery Article #40046 (2002)
*Adapted for online presentation from an article by the same author in AAPG Explorer (April, 1999), entitled “3-D Can Provide Reservoir Data.” Appreciation is expressed to the author and to M. Ray Thomasson, former Chairman of the AAPG Geophysical Integration Committee, and Larry Nation, AAPG Communications Director, for their support of this online version.
1McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ([email protected]). Co-author is Bob Balch, Petroleum Recovery Research Center.
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Click here for sequence of Figure 2a, 2b, 2c.
There is an increasing interest in the use of
attributes derived from 3-D seismic data to define reservoir physical
properties such as presence and amount of porosity and fluid content.
This seismic-guided property prediction approach was popularized only
about five years ago, when it was demonstrated that log-derived
reservoir properties sometimes could be relatively easily correlated to
seismic attributes – and that the regression Explosive growth in interest in this approach has led to a proliferation of methods for refining it. Multiple regression, geostatistics, neural networks and other approaches are being explored to help correlate log and seismic data, and then to distribute reservoir properties throughout the area of 3-D seismic surveys. The predictions made by these methods are often appealing, especially when presented in color. But how does one truly assess the likelihood that any given prediction truly represents the subsurface reality? Various statistically based methods have been developed to help answer this question. Using a procedure known as exclusion testing, the interpretation team will use only a subset of the well database during the project’s correlation phase, then test the physical properties predictions against measurements from wells that were excluded from the calibration phase. This procedure works well when abundant well information is available, but it is not practical when only a limited number of wells penetrate the target formation – such as when the field is either small or at an early stage of development.
A two-pronged methodology for assessing the
results of a seismic-guided physical-properties prediction can be
This approach is illustrated herein with an example from the Jurassic Smackover Formation. Testing the ModelAppleton Field is a small field (840 aces, 13 wells, of which four were producing in 1997) in southwestern Alabama (Figure 1). Unlike other Smackover fields, where high energy shoal carbonates are the primary productive intervals in the formation, here the best production is from a dolomitized algal buildup that developed over a paleobasement high located landward of the Jurassic shelf margin. True vertical depth to the top of the formation in the Appleton generally exceeds 3,800 meters (12,500 feet), and most wells are deviated, to variable extents. The data set for this project consisted of wireline log information from 10 wells (deemed to be too few for exclusion testing), production data and a 3-D seismic survey. The links between geology and seismic response were evaluated by creating simple 2-D seismic models. The modeling began with the construction of geologic models (e.g., Fig. 2a) that were convolved with a wavelet (chosen to match the frequency and phase characteristics of the data) to generate 2-D synthetic seismic transects (Fig. 2b). The model results showed that:
Comparison of the model results to corresponding transects through the seismic data (Fig. 2c; note that the model result is noise free, whereas the data are somewhat noisy) allowed the horizons of importance to be identified and mapped in the 3-D volume. Structure maps derived from the 3-D data showed undrilled structural culminations that were not apparent in previously published maps. If these structures are porous, they could be infill targets since existing wells would leave attic oil.
An empirical relationship was then sought
between seismic attributes and log properties that could be
Values for these three attributes – for the entire 3-D survey area – were then input into the empirically derived regression expression to generate a map of the thickness of the porosity zone at the Appleton Field (Figure 3). The results suggested that porosity is well developed beneath the structural culminations. Results
To help assess the validity of this
prediction, one of the initial 2-D seismic models was refined, and the
results were exported to a seismic interpretation package. From the
model results, it was possible to derive the same seismic attributes
that had been Next, the porosity zone thickness map was compared to what is known about the field’s geology. The best – and thickest – porosity zones in the Appleton Field are considered to be developed in algal boundstones on the crest of the paleostructure, where our seismic predictions indicated. Other porosity predicted to be present on the seaward flank of the buildups might be explained as reef-front talus accumulations. Despite the porosity in the reef-front areas, they are located below the oil water contact (as derived from well control), and apparently lack updip closure.
A well drilled following this study (Figure
3) encountered 21 meters (69 feet) of porosity greater than 12 percent
at a location where the predicted thickness of this zone was 19 meters
(62 feet). The well tested 136 BOPD. This result is considered to be a
successful test of the physical properties prediction, although the
structural culmination was not as well developed as predicted. Ideally,
the new log information would be
Neither the seismic modeling component nor the geologic “reality check”
of this program is intrinsically new. The |